Kingdom of Fulfwotz

The Kingdom of Fulfwotz, also known as simply Fulfwotz and Rexdoma se Fulvux in Thrennexian, was a state in the southern Shire that existed from 58 PRY to 1929 CE. Despite its name suggesting a continuous sole dominion, in reality, the Kingdom went through many phases and included multiple entities throughout its near-2,000 year lifespan, the unifying distinction being the monarchy and its capital of Fulfwotz. The Kingdom, isolated from much of the Shire in the central Demmatrodine, was often the subject of intrigue and curiosity from the interconnected and cosmopolitan states of the Oldeshire; it did not rise to global prominence until the late 19th century. For most of its history, the Kingdom was ruled by the Ich Dynasty of monarchs, with the exception of the 104-year period following the Fulfwotz Civil War in which the Sammichian Imperial Chancellery was established.

The Kingdom of Fulfwotz was formed following the Great Epiphany of Empress Flux in 58 PRY, and the dissolution of the Old Sammichian Empire. Overcome with remorse for the Empire's actions under her command, and foreseeing its eventual violent collapse due to mutiny in its territories and its enemies picking away at its borders, she chose to peacefully dismantle it into a number of small, independent domains. The Ich monarchs retained control of Fulfwotz, so it is commonly perceived as the legitimate successor to the Old Sammichian Empire. Although the millions of slaves held by the Empire were freed upon its disintegration, the Kingdom began a process of recapturing and enslaving the surrounding Demmatrodine Enpeecee tribes. This angered the developed Enpeecee state of Mekjloka Ur in the west (part of the Ur Dominion), its existence previously unknown to Fulfwotz. In 124 CE, the Mekjlokites attacked Fulfwotzian galleys transporting slaves from its client state of Levok Ur, inciting the First Fulfo-Urite War which lasted for nearly 200 years and resulted in the annexation of Fulfwotz into the Ur Dominion and the transformation of the kingdom into a puppet state. The humiliated kingdom was a client state of Ur until 460 CE when Queen Tepistra the Emancipator negotiated independence from the Dominion. Bitter over their defeat and seeking to end Ur's political dominance of the Demmatrodine continent, they covertly gained the allegiance of a number of dissatisfied Urite states and engaged the dominion in the Second Fulfo-Urite War in 521 CE. The war was a Fulfwotz victory and fragmented the Ur Dominion, granting independence to many client states.

While many Enpeecees viewed the Kingdom as a friend and ally, the truth was that the Sammichians still viewed them as barbaric and uncivilized, and their cooperation in the Second Fulfo-Urite War was simply a means to an end. However, Fulfwotz enjoyed profitable trade and security with its allies, and would not so soon violate their trust. Around 610 CE, the Orthodoxy began to gain a foothold in Fulfwotzian society, replacing the faltering Xamichine Pantheon as the preeminent religion. Under King Numex I, the state religion was changed from the Xamichine Pantheon to the Orthodoxy; this upset much of the peasantry, which tended to be slower in adapting to new social conditions and ideas. In 704 CE, the Pantheon was outlawed as paganism and observation of the Orthodoxy was enforced by law. Religious tension between the two congregations mounted, inciting the Holy Wars, a series of battles between the Pantheonic and Orthodox Fulfwotzians. While the Orthodoxy was supported by the Kingdom, the Pantheon was backed and supplied by a variety of Enpeecee states, as the Orthodoxy's beliefs outlining Sammichian divine superiority over others threatened their nations if Fulfwotz's population was united under these ideas. The Holy Wars ended in 752 CE, with the manufactured extinction of the Pantheon in Fulfwotz and Orthodox religious supremacy.

With the Orthodoxy repressing dissent and restricting scientific development, the Kingdom entered its Dark Ages which lasted between roughly 950 and 1400 CE. The capulaes of the Orthodoxy influenced the King and Queen at court, most notably Capulae Crux I; in 1270, he issued an edict that mandated the conversion of the nearby Enpeecee states to the Orthodox faith. Approved by King Tyrannax III, the Capulaeric Inquisition was commenced; Missionaries accompanied by the armies of devout nobles visited Enpeecee settlements, and forced them to convert. If they refused, the Enpeecee men and women were massacred while the children were brought back to Fulfwotz to be sold into slavery. Such religious fervor continued until Kleopintra's Plague in the latter part of the 14th century, which killed a massive amount of Fulfwotzians and shook peoples' faith in the Orthodoxy. The Fulfwotz religious establishment finally collapsed in 1456 following Capulae Crux II's attempt to meddle in the royal line of succession; announcing his intent to place Prince Numex II on the throne, his elder brother and rightful heir Nemerses V raised an army and marched on Fulfwotz. The ensuing bloodshed and destruction of Orthodox churches, monuments, shrines, and relics is known as the Great Desecration.

The sharp decline in Orthodox influence on Fulfwotzian society brought about a period of growth and progress, commonly called the Great Awakening. Lasting for the duration of the 16th and part of the 17th century, it was a time of artistic, literary, and philosophical flourishment. The new and radical ideas in circulation, as beneficial to society as they were, also began to incite discontent within the Kingdom, particularly among the supporters of the ancient Xamichine philosopher Democrex, who had formulated the basis for a democracy and was presumably executed by the Emperor. His writings, popularized by radical thinkers of the 1600's, led to the creation of a large-scale resistance movement fighting for an end to the King's absolute domination of politics and a republican government. The attempt of the monarchy to repress these ideas only enflamed them, resulting in the Revolution of 1681, a mass uprising against the monarchy, which soon evolved into a civil war between the monarchy and the republican Fulfwotzians. The war lasted for three years and ended with the collapse of the Ich regime in Fulfwotz and the establishment of the Sammichian Chancellery. For the following 104 years, the Chancelleric Republic of Fulfwotz held power; however, the lack of a strong central leader created a power void and conflict within the Chancellery. When the Chancellery came under the control of High Chancellor Preva Ich-Prama, he managed to assume absolute power in a plot with his close Ich relatives and restored the monarchy. The ensuing unrest resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy with power split between the King and the Chancellery.

During the rule of King Drefnex in the latter part of the 19th century, Fulfwotz began to conquer the Enpeecee states it had liberated from the Ur Dominion centuries earlier, along with other settlements in the Demmatrodine. Drefnex's son, King Sammus II, sought to realize his father's vision of the Kingdom becoming a world power. The extremely aggressive colonization and annexation of weaker nations caused great distress in the international community, climaxing in the First World War in 1927. The war saw the Shire divided between the Liberator and Overtaker forces, the latter being led by the Kingdom in its pursuit of further power. Following the occupation of its capital city and great losses, the Overtaker coalition surrendered and signed the Treaty of Niflheim in 1929. The Kingdom was then dissolved and reorganized into the modern-day New Sammichian Empire.

Etymology

The origin of the name "Fulfwotz" sparks debate within the linguistic community; presumably named during the Xamichine takeover of Fauna, the structure of the word (along with the letter Z) occurs nowhere in the Thrennexian language. It is a widely-accepted theory, however, that Fulfwotz is derived from Fulvux, the name of the imperial province ancient Fulfwotz was located in. In ancient Xamichine texts, it is believed that Fulvux was used to refer to the city as well, which supports that theory. It is likely that the name simply changed over time to Fulfwotz, especially as the Kingdom adopted the English language in the 1400's. Fulvux, on the other hand, was taken from the name of Empress Flux, the last ruler of Xamichia and who had directed the slaughter of the Faunites in the Night of Bones.

History

Early History

Following the collapse of Xamichia, the Ich Dynasty remained in Fulfwotz, which had become the most prosperous city and unofficial capital of the empire in its final years. Seeking to retain a degree of power, they assumed leadership over the Kingdom and began an extermination of the "uncivilized" Demmatrodine Enpeecee tribes that would raid Fulfwotzian granaries and pastures. The first known ruler of the Kingdom of Fulfwotz was Queen Flux, who had died soon after and was succeeded by her son, King Tyrannax I. It was difficult for the Kingdom to function early on, deprived of the plentiful resources and labor that had been provided under Xamichine rule. While Fulfwotz had been a great city in Xamichia, its infrastructure was strained by the influx of Sammichians who had fled other former Xamichine provinces due to hostility from the indigenous population. The Kingdom needed to build roads and housing to accommodate the growing populace, as well as develop and cultivate more farmland. There were simply not enough workers; to avoid enslaving its own people and inciting popular revolt, in 14 PRY King Tyrannax I began a process of recapturing and enslaving nearby Humans and Enpeecees, who had been freed after Xamichia's collapse. It is believed that the slave population of Fulfwotz increased ten-fold under Tyrannax, and this mass enslavement continued for over a century, angering the developed Enpeecee states in the western Demmatrodine.

First Fulfo-Urite War

Most furious at Fulfwotz's actions was the Ur Dominion, the most powerful nation in the Demmatrodine. It was a federation of Enpeecee states, including Mekjloka-Ur, Levok-Ur, Anmolika-Ur, Jakarat-Ur, and Samark-Ur. Despite numerous diplomatic attempts to end the slaving on behalf of the Urites, Fulfwotz's unchecked aggression continued. Urite forces from Mekjloka intercepted a Fulfwotzian galley transporting slaves kidnapped from Levok, killing the Sammichian sailors and returning the Levokari. When news of the attack reached Fulfwotz, King Nemerses II declared war on the Ur Dominion in 124 CE.

Despite initial success, including razing the city of Jakarat, it soon became apparent that the Fulfwotzians had underestimated the strength of the Ur Dominion; this was likely due to the perceived Sammichian racial superiority over the Enpeecee people. Shocked, and unwilling to accept defeat at the hands of the Urites, Fulfwotz refused to surrender, drawing the war out to a long and bitter conclusion in 128 CE. After Urite soldiers braved the harsh Demmatrodine terrain and managed to arrive at the gates of Fulfwotz, the city was invaded. King Nemerses II was caught attempting to flee the city, and was executed by the occupying Urites, but not before he was forced to surrender.

Despite their hatred of Fulfwotz, the Urites did not destroy it; instead, it was operated as a puppet state, with King Nemerses III as its ceremonial figurehead. In reality, the city was ruled with an iron fist by the Urite Syphogrant Kemman Tet. Humiliated and defeated, Fulfwotz became Fulwojka-Ur, a resentful and submissive client state to the Urites.

Urite Rule

Despite the manner in which they conquered the Kingdom, the Urite Enpeecees were fairly benevolent and progressive rulers. Religious tolerance was granted to even Orthodox Sammichians, many of whom had always been ardent supporters of Enpeecee extermination and enslavement. Kemman Tet had directed reconstruction of Fulwojka, repairing buildings and infrastructure damaged in the Fulfo-Urite War. Some Fulwojkari, as they were now known, began to sympathize and appreciate the efforts of their Enpeecee rulers. However, this era of relatively-peaceful cooperation ended with the death of the Syphogrant Kemman Tet in 156.

His son,Tetkjal Tet, became the Urite Syphogrant; the death of his mother in the Fulfwotzian razing of Jakarat in 125 had bestowed upon him a deep and bitter hatred of Fulfwotz and the Sammichian race. While the validity of this claim is disputed, it is alleged that Tetkjal Tet brought Queen Moranene back to Mekjloka, turning her into his personal sex slave. When he was finished with her, he would have her escorted back to Fulfwojka on foot, naked, forcing her to walk through the city to Castle Mugg in front of her own people. Furthermore, Tetkjal also encouraged Enpeecee immigration into Fulwojka-Ur. Prosperous Sammichians were removed from their homes and forced to live in the streets to give priority to the Enpeecee people. This cruel and unrelenting rule of Fulwojka continued with Tetkjal's heirs until the ascension of the Syphogrant Jakor Tet around 450.

Queen Tepistra of Fulwojka realized that war was not the way to escape from Urite control; instead, she resorted to diplomacy. Forging relationships with the heads of other Urite client states, she was preparing to intimidate the Syphogrant into relinquishing control of Fulwojka and other allied states. However, upon meeting Jakor Tet, he allegedly fell in love with her. For the sake of their nations, the two kept their sexual relationship secret, yet Jakor insisted that she allow him to marry her. She agreed under one condition; that he free Fulwojka-Ur. Reluctant, but madly in love, he agreed, and Fulfwotz was granted independence in 460 CE. Queen Tepistra gained the title of Emancipator among her people, and Jakor Tet mysteriously died several months before their ceremony was to take place.

Second Fulfo-Urite War

Despite their new and peacefully-acquired freedom, the Fulfwotzians were instill incredibly bitter over their defeat and treatment at the hands of the Urite Syphogrants. The Enpeecee population of the Kingdom was expelled violently in 462, and stragglers were terrorized and murdered by Sammichians. Aware that the Ur Dominion could reconquer the Kingdom whenever they wanted, Fulfwotz built up its defenses and resolved to act. The Kings and Queens of Fulfwotz maintained close relations with the Syphogrant to deflect suspicion, while garnering the support of the nobility and resentful Urite states. Fulfwotz entered a secret alliance with Anmolika-Ur and Samark-Ur, while securing its eastern border against an attack from Jakarat-Ur which would likely ensue when war broke out; Jakarat was the closest to Fulfwotz, loyal to the Syphogrant, and still angry about the razing of their city in the first war. Castiliae Dux, a fortress in modern-day Frentwood, was constructed to fortify the eastern front and was considered one of the greatest fortresses of its time. In 521, after biding its time for decades, the Kingdom declared war on the Ur Dominion under King Pyrithenes.

As they had predicted, Jakarat-Ur had advanced on the Kingdom, but were held at bay thanks to the defensive capabilities of Castilae Dux. Samark and Anmolika had held up their end of the alliance and attacked Mekjloka, but Samark was soon subdued by the stronger Mekjlokari; legends claim that the governor of Samark, along with his family and advisors, was impaled on a stake and forced to watch his city burn. However, the Anmolikari had put up a fierce resistance to Mekjloka and were met with a Fulfwotzian force; the combined forces of Fulfwotz and Anmolika managed to invade the capital city and capture the Syphogrant Nemok Tet. In 523, the war had ended, and the Urite political dominance of the Demmatrodine had ended as the state collapsed. Fulfwotz gained a significant amount of territory in the interior of the Demmatrodine, along with the area surrounding the now-pacified Jakarat.

Post-Urite History

Following the collapse of the Ur Dominion, the Kingdom's attempts at expansion and trade with the rest of the Demmatrodine was no longer hampered. The Kingdom opened profitable trade routes with Anmolika, Samark, and Levok, forming a mutually-beneficial relationship between Fulfwotz and the Enpeecee states. Despite their closeness, many Sammichians still viewed Enpeecee people as 'uncivilized', and possessed disdain for the race through their experience with the Urites. However, the Kingdom realized that it was not the right time to assert itself over the other states and continued to partake in friendly relations. This period of peace lasted for little under a century, until the Orthodox faith began to enter the Fulfwotzian mainstream.

Rise of the Orthodoxy

While the Orthodoxy had existed since the time of Xamichia, it had been little more than a pagan cult which worshipped the god Pax. The Pantheon of Xamichine Gods and Goddesses had long been preeminent in Sammichian culture, yet in the late 500's, the Orthodox faith gained popularity among the upper classes and nobility, who wished to distance and distinguish themselves from the growing lower classes. Orthodox beliefs differed from Pantheonic ones in the sense that they were considerably more conservative and strict; the Orthodoxy was also monotheistic in nature, as opposed to the polytheism and wide variety of gods and goddesses in the Xamichine Pantheon. However, people of the lower class remained devoted to the Pantheon. Class and religious conflict emerged, and climaxed in 704 when the Orthodox Capulae Cleisthenes, the leader of the church, convinced King Theses to make the Orthodoxy the state religion of Fulfwotz, along with outlawing the practice of Pantheonic worship.

This alienated the majority of the Fulfwotzian people, as remaining followers of the Pantheon were often tracked down by the Capulae's agents and forced to convert; if they refused, it is believed that they were subject to torture and abuse until they recanted their religious convictions. Capulae Cleisthenes and his successors had been elevated to positions second only to the monarch; this outraged many people in the Kingdom and incited dissent, brutally suppressed by the Church and monarchy. The supremacy of the Orthodox Church concerned Fulfwotz's Enpeecee neighbors, as Sammichian racial superiority was a tenet of Orthodox beliefs. With the Capulae demonstrating great influence over the King, they realized it would only be a matter of time before the Kingdom began to exercise their power over them and attempt to convert the Enpeecee states by force.

The persecution of Pantheonic worshippers continued under Theses II. In 716, in an effort to finally crush the religion, leaders of the Pantheonic resistance movement were captured and burned at the stake in front of the Orthodox Temple of Virtue. The ensuing uprising against the Orthodox establishment led to the Holy Wars between the Orthodox government and nobility, and the poorer Pantheonic Fulfwotzians -- though covertly armed and supported by the Enpeecee states.

Holy Wars

Motivated by and fought in the name of religion, the Holy Wars lasted between 716 and 752. In truth, little is known about the wars, as Capulae Cleisthenes had dissolved the ancient Aggripaedic Order of historians upon his rise to power, and had heavily censored anything of the sort.

What little information that has been recovered from the time suggest a bloody and protracted war which almost saw the collapse of the Kingdom of Fulfwotz. With the kings Theses II, Theses III, and Pontulus the Pious, the monarchy and nobility was locked in bitter conflict with the masses. Pantheonic temples, notably the massive Appoxian Palace (a hallowed temple complex to the god Appox), were razed, often with worshipers trapped inside. Conflict inflamed after the ascension of Capulae Cleisthenes's more radical apprentice, Senecus. Under Capulae Senecus, anyone caught with Pantheonic leanings or paraphernalia would be executed immediately and unsympathetically. These draconian and brutal measures ensured the eventual extinction of the ancient Xamichine Pantheon. In 752, it is believed that there were almost no worshipers left in Fulfwotz; most either fled, were frightened into conversion, or were killed.

Orthodox Supremacy

With the Pantheon no longer standing in its way, the Orthodox Church was free to draw upon its influence on the Fulfwotzian people. In 789, King Pontulus the Pious granted the Capulae new powers which allowed him to participate in matters of state and levy ecclesiastical taxes on the Kingdom. With an enormous new source of income, the Church was able to construct more religious buildings and fund missionary groups to convert Enpeecee tribes in the Demmatrodine. Such missionaries were banned from the former Urite states; particularly Jakarat. Jakarat was the closest to Fulfwotz, and therefore perceived the Orthodoxy as a much greater threat. With such profound ecclesiastical influence in society, the Church's power in the management of the Kingdom rivaled that of the unusually-submissive monarchy. Without the artistic and passionate spirit the Pantheon fostered, the Kingdom entered an era of bleak repression and religiosity.

After being accused of kidnapping and killing Orthodox missionaries, the Kingdom declared a holy war on its neighbor Jakarat in 844, but the war saw no fighting; the Kingdom was threatened into submission after the states of Anmolika and Levok aligned themselves with Jakarat and made clear their intention to defend it. If the Kingdom had continued with their war, they would be fighting on three fronts with a formidable coalition of Enpeecee states. Tensions in the Demmatrodine spiked, and in 860, Anmolika and Levok merged to form the state of Anmolevok in order to better defend itself from inevitable Fulfwotzian aggression.

With the deterioration of King Pontulus II, the Capulae Acrocedes claimed to have received an invocation from Pax that allowed him to rule in the King's stead. The rightful heir, Princess Nesvina IV, was forced into exile by the patriarchal Church. With Acrocedes at the helm of both the Church and Kingdom, it was not until his death in 932 that the younger brother of Nesvina, Cassiux VII, was able to ascend to the throne. Cassiux, having only been made King 28 years after he should have been crowned, harbored feelings of resentment towards the Church and was the only Fulfwotzian monarch to outright defy the Orthodoxy at its height. He scaled back its powers and denied the Capulae a spot in the royal court. His heir, Prince Anaximus, was kidnapped and groomed by the Church in retaliation, unbeknownst to Cassiux. On his deathbed in 971, Anaximus was revealed after spending nineteen years in forced clerical isolation. He was placed on the throne, and immediately reversed his father's actions to stem the influence of the Orthodoxy. The Orthodoxy soon cut off all contact with the outside world after forcing King Anaximus to recall diplomats from the Enpeecee states and scouts, ushering in the era known as the Paxian Solace, better known as Fulfwotz's 'dark ages'.

Paxian Solace

The Orthodox Church had invoked the Solace, claiming to act on the wishes of Pax, in order to suppress dissent and influence from the outside world. As such, Fulfwotz remained unknown to the rest of the world until the 1400's, nearly four centuries after the Solace was first enacted. There was virtually no technological or scientific advancement during this time, as the Church's highest priority was maintaining the religious status quo. The Kingdom adopted violent anti-intellectual measures, a massive departure from the flourishment encouraged by the establishment in Xamichia at its height.

Books detailing Sammichian history from before the Orthodoxy were burned, labeled as blasphemous material that challenged the omnipresence of Pax. Many volumes were saved, however, by the remaining members of the Aggripaedic Order which had been dissolved and exiled by Capulae Cleisthenes. During the Solace, Fulfwotz fell behind the other kingdoms of the Shire as the Church ruthlessly enforced the status quo and bolstered the stubborn theocracy it led. The Ich monarchs had signed away many of their monarchical rights to the Church, rendering the Capulae far more powerful than the King or Queen. The Solace would cause Fulfwotzian society to stagnate, and little else is known about the era thanks to heavy censorship and book burning; however, it is known that there was a brief respite in the Solace in order to convert the nearby Enpeecee states to the Orthodoxy, culminating in the Capulaeric Inquisition in the late 1200's.

Capulaeric Inquisition

Unlike former attempts at conversions with the Enpeecee states, Capulae Crux I sought not lead them into the light, but "...drag them by their necks." His mandate was approved by King Tyrannax III in 1270 (a largely ceremonial affair, as the Capulae did not need the King's approval), and the Inquisition began. Armies marched on Enpeecee settlements, forcing them to submit to the teachings of the Church.

The Inquisition was noted for its inhuman brutality; men, women, and children alike were executed for resisting. Many more were enslaved and brought back to Fulfwotz for menial labor and to serve in the Orthodox clergy. It is believed that many Enpeecee men were even castrated in order to prohibit Enpeecee reproduction and perpetuate Sammichian racial superiority. It is estimated that over two million Enpeecees throughout the Demmatrodine were systematically executed and enslaved at the hands of the Capulaeric Inquisition. By 1332, Capulae Crux I had died and was succeeded by Menimus II, who was not as eager as his predecessor to continue the Inquisition. It met its end in 1334, but not without first converting or exterminating the majority of the Enpeecee states to the Orthodoxy.

Kleopintra's Plague

The Orthodoxy had dominated Fulfwotzian society for centuries, and was a pervasive influence within political affairs. Despite the atrocities that had been committed by the Church and the authoritarian theocracy it had established, many Fulfwotzians were still deeply devoted to Pax and the Capulae. They were also highly supportive of the Paxian Solace, which had resumed following the end of the Capulaeric Inquisition. However, this faith and devotion to the Church would be shaken following the outbreak of Kleopintra's Plague.

The plague first arrived in Fulfwotz in 1399, believed to have been carried by rodents from the central Demmatrodine steppe who fled the region following a massive bush fire in 1397. Historians in Fulfwotz recall an influx of rats and mice into the city following the fire, and the first case of the Plague was described in the journal of an apothecary who attempted to treat the symptoms of the infected; buboes, lightened pigmentation, sweating, coughing, and mental instability. As the sickness spread throughout Fulfwotz and the Demmatrodine, the Church was quick to place blame on King Adones IX, who had wed Kleopintra, the Enpeecee daughter of the Anmolevokari Syphogrant Catta Tet. The plague soon left the Demmatrodine with birds migrating from the region in the summer of 1400, quickly spreading amongst the kingdoms of the central Shire.

In the panic following the spread of the plague, the Capulae Vux I ordered the kidnapping of Prince Adones X, who was the son of the King and Kleopintra and the result of an "impure" marriage. Following the disappearance of his son and heir, King Adones IX committed suicide, and hungry mobs stormed Castle Mugg and killed Queen Kleopintra. Over half of the people living in Fulfwotz were taken by the plague, including the Capulae and Prince Adones X, with similar death rates seen across the Shire. The devastation and loss of life from the plague shook people's faith in the Orthodoxy, instead of rekindling religious fervor as it did in other places in the Shire. The younger sister of Adones IX, Vespania IV, ascended to the throne in 1402 after the chaos from the plague subsided and reasserted royal authority. Queen Vespania IV famously despised the Orthodoxy for its treatment of her brother and kidnapping of her nephew. However, she knew banishing the Capulae from the court and scaling back the Church's power would only result in another war that the Kingdom was in no shape to fight. Through careful manipulation, Vespania avoided succumbing to Orthodox influence and sent her children abroad to learn lest they be tutored by the Church's scholars. She formed secret alliances with a number of remaining noble families that would protect her children from the Capulae and his religious police. By her death in 1435, she had laid the groundwork for one of her heirs to topple the religious establishment, and Vespania is largely credited with being the first to engineer the Church's downfall.

The Crisis of Succession

King Matares I, her heir, began to lay out plans to bring down the Church once and for all, but this was halted in 1446 with his son Numex II being brought under the control of the Church. Frightened of what the Church would do to his son were he to challenge its authority, he refused to act. Sensing unease at court, Capulae Crux II sought to bolster clerical presence by grooming Numex and eventually placing him on the throne, ahead of his elder brother Nemerses V. While the Church had retained the power to alter the line of succession since the time of King Pontulus the Pious, it had rarely been used; the Church typically would groom the heir to the throne, or would kidnap them in extreme cases. In 1453, the death of Matares sparked the Crisis of Succession. Queen Medesta conceded rule to her son, and Nemerses V was ready to inherit the throne; yet Capulae Crux II brought Numex out of isolation and attempted to place him in power, without regard for his older brother. Nemerses initially fought the decision, but at the behest of Medesta, left the city with his mother and allowed his younger brother to become King. For the next three years, Nemerses and Medesta garnered favor with many of the leading nobles in Fulfwotz and summoned those families which had secretly aligned themselves with Queen Vespania. They also paid large sums of Aggres stolen from the Royal Treasury to Demmatrodine mercenary armies. In 1456, Fulfwotz attempted to incite a religious revival through the policies of Numex, the common people were angry with the Church for meddling in the line of succession, along with reduced religiosity and exasperation with the Capulae. On July 1st, 1456, Nemerses and Medesta arrived at the gates of the city.

The Great Desecration

The cool-tempered Medesta pleaded with her son to grant them entry and to cooperate peacefully, but he refused, acting under the orders of Capulae Crux II. Seeing as there was no other choice, Nemerses sounded his horn and the gates were opened by the army of Cesus vos Nervae, one of the most powerful nobles in Fulfwotz. In a show of surprising violence and rancor, the army of Nemerses V stormed the city, slaughtering any and all clerics in their path, but careful to avoid common people. Anything symbolizing the Orthodoxy was razed, including churches, shrines, monasteries, and other monuments. Numex was largely helpless but to watch his city burn, as the King relied on the armies of the nobility to defend it -- yet he had alienated most of them and thus forced them to the side of his brother. After two days of destroying the physical presence of the Church, the army diverged into the forces of Medesta and Nemerses; Medesta's forces commenced a siege of Castle Mugg, while those of Nemerses besieged the Temple of Virtue where the Capulae had escaped to.

Numex made the mistake of opening the gates to his mother after several days of siege. He bid entry to only her, both hoping to help each other see their own interpretations of reason. When it became clear to Medesta that her son was too far gone and had been essentially brainwashed by the Church, she murdered him, and then out of despair for having killed her own child, she threw herself from Castle Mugg (this would serve the basis for the famous play of Lloyd Wallace Strokeshaft Medestine Melody). Nemerses, however, was facing great difficulty storming the Temple of Virtue, which in actuality was a well-defended military installation. The whole plan to topple the Church that had been in waiting since the time of his grandmother seemed on the verge of failure. However, he was saved by luck; in the scorching dry Demmatrodine heat of July, a fire started in the temple's courtyard garden, and soon engulfed the entire compound. Almost the entire remaining religious police burned to death inside before Capulae Crux II himself appeared at the gates, and surrendered. According to court historians, as Crux pleaded for mercy, Nemerses broke both of his knees and dragged him back to Castle Mugg tied to his horse. Upon discovering that both his mother and brother were dead, Nemerses took the throne, restored order, outlawed the Orthodoxy, and then tortured the Capulae for days beneath Castle Mugg. He was then strung up in Ich Square for years until his emaciated and largely decomposed corpse simply fell apart out of its bonds. His bones are today on display in the National Museum of Sammichian Antiquity.

The Great Awakening

Finally liberated from the oppressive and anti-intellectual rule of the Orthodoxy, the Kingdom underwent a fantastic transformation. It began a period of artistic, literary, and scientific flourishment unseen in Sammichian society since the days of Xamichia, known as the Great Awakening. This occurred between roughly 1475 and 1650, lasting for almost two centuries. What mainly spearheaded this was the collapse of the Church and the subsequent end of the Paxian Solace; as the Kingdom opened itself up to trade with other nations in the Shire, it realized how far it had fallen behind in terms of technology and art. This, combined with renewed knowledge of the greatness of Xamichia, spurred rapid development in an attempt to catch up to -- and eventually surpass -- its neighbors.

In 1483, Nemerses sought out relations with the Demmatrodine Enpeecee states, which had long steered clear of the volatile Kingdom. Trade boosted development, and alternate sources of sustenance allowed the Fulfwotzian government and people to redirect attention to more sensual and intellectual matters. Shirefolk began flocking to the capital in order to seek royal grants and patronage, which were being distributed generously by the successors of Nemerses. Religion was (and to this day, continues to be) pushed aside, forever tainted by the legacy of the Orthodox Church. In 1502, the famous Fulfwotzian artist Calla painted Woman On The Bridge, one of the most valuable and widely-recognized paintings in the world. Other notable artists include Nesso Vedius, Dendora, Vespa, Arahune Nepa, and Moro.

An architectural renaissance occurred in 1533 on the heels of a disaster; on August 12th, a massive fire razed the city, killing hundreds and destroying the ancient wooden buildings that had filled the city since the age of Xamichia. Queen Phenera seized the opportunity to revitalize the capital's architecture by hiring architects from around the Shire. The newly-rebuilt capital was a feat of Awakening-era urban planning; a uniform building style was established with predisposed guidelines to increase building efficiency and stability. This strong and robust design is still used in many parts of the city to this day, and has allowed the city's historic core to remain standing. It is largely centered around 15x15 foot "cubes" structured in various arrangements and topped with gambrel-style roofs, built in sandstone and brick to better prevent future fires. It is referred to as the Classical Fulfwotzian Style around the Shire, and the Pheneran Building Code in the Empire.

With the ascension of King Callithrax the Kind in 1551, the Enpeecee people were vindicated as he issued the Edict of Atonement as his first order as King. The edict paid large sums of Aggres to the neighboring Enpeecee states who had been relentlessly terrorized for centuries by the Orthodox-ruled Kingdom, with events like the Capulaeric Inquisition having claimed the lives of many and causing many more to flee, stunting growth and economic development. It also formally granted the Enpeecee people in Fulfwotz citizenship and protection under the law. However, this would only be a formality as the Enpeecee people would continue to be a target for both commonplace and institutional racism for many years to come. The clause of citizenship was also only extended to those Enpeecees already living in Fulfwotz, and many would still be persecuted by the Kingdom in other parts of the world. Regardless, the Edict of Atonement is one of the few examples in history of a Sammichian dominion, of its own accord, reaching out to make reparations, a remarkable departure from their usual unapologetic nature.

With the discovery of vast deposits of ore and precious stones in the Fulfwotzian-controlled interior of the Demmatrodine, its economy boomed and it quickly became the chief economic power of the continent, and thus the most prominent regional power, replacing the Enpeecee state of Anmolevok. Desperate to regain its former status, Anmolevok and Fulfwotz would become bitter rivals for decades to come. By 1580, the Kingdom was extracting fantastic amounts of gold, iron, diamonds, and rubies. These newfound resources allowed the Kingdom to begin producing luxury goods such as jewelry and furniture, which further promoted a more artistic and decadent environment. The Kingdom soon became extraordinarily wealthy, and would use this prestige to enhance its presence abroad. For much of its history, the Sammichian race remained confined to the Kingdom, due to shared history and culture, as well as certain privileges that were enjoyed thanks to their race or breeding. However, as the state became more powerful, it began encouraging Sammichian dissemination across the Shire to increase its reach. Sammichians flocked to the central Shire, to the cosmopolitan states of Oranjestad and Venezia Nuova in particular. With the great influx of English-speakers from the central Shire into the Kingdom, English became the language of educated society. Since the fall of Xamichia and the extinction of the High Thrennexian (Accra Unthet) language, Vulgar Thrennexian had been spoken. In order to accommodate the elite Fulfwotzians and intellectuals, King Callithrax made English the official language of the Kingdom in 1579 and mandated it to be taught and spoken in Fulfwotz's educational institutions.

The Vara se Populae

During the Awakening, the ancient writings of Xamichine philosophers became popular in Fulfwotzian intellectual circles, reviving milennia-old ideas and theories. The translated publications of the prolific Democrex were of a particular importance to the common people. He originally theorized a system of government in which the people were represented and could determine the future of their nation. He was poisoned by agents of the Xamichine Emperor and his writings were seized, yet they managed to be preserved by the Aggripaedic Order who opened their library during the Awakening. People soon became aware of the supposed injustice that was the Ich Dynasty's absolute rule, which resulted in small-scale movements dedicated to promoting representation and democracy. These were percieved as a threat by the monarchy, and leaders were often paid off or quietly assassinated in order to prevent stifling the unadulterated spirit of resurgence and academic progress at the time.

One group, however, found support among the poorer citizens of the Kingdom, who suffered the most in the society's inhumanly-elitist environment. The Vara se Populae, Thrennexian for "Will of the People" and an homage to Democrex's titular publication, became a formidable force fighting for change. It was led by the human Leofric Golding, who came to the capital in 1577 and was horrified by the basic rights trampled upon by the ruling dynasty. The situation become incredibly difficult to handle for the monarchy; if they silenced the group, news of this would surely spread among the people, only further inciting anger and disrupting the prosperous atmosphere of the Awakening-era Kingdom. However, if they continued to let the Vara se Populae propagate its agenda, it could spell untold consequences for the future of Fulfwotz. By 1600, the group had an estimated 4,000 members within the capital, who would often petition before the Queen Cephula multiple times a day. In 1676, the Kingdom became embroiled in The Britannian War, which would bring about the end of Fulfwotz's renaissance and usher in great insurrection.

The Britannian War

Main article: The Britannian War

The ascension of King Tophaeres III in 1661 saw the realization of a more hostile foreign policy; the Kingdom, wishing to capitalize on the great innovation occurring within its borders, sought to gain more land in the Demmatrodine, with minor skirmishes between royal forces and the Enpeecee states. Meanwhile, far north of the region, the nation of Britannia, experiencing internal strife and power struggles, had spawned a number of paramilitary factions that were notorious for their raping and pillaging of neighboring settlements to gain an edge over their rivals with food and better equipment. The independent village of Little Wangleton became caught in the middle of such conflict. Little Wangleton was home to the detested Delphic Coven of witches, who were becoming the target of abuse and hatred due to the historic distrust of magic. The Jagercorps faction, in retaliation to multiple Delphic backlashes, the group infiltrated the coven to learn its secrets and in 1670, put the first witch to trial, starting the infamous Shire Witch Trials. Over the next few years, hundreds of witches and nonmagical beings alike would be put to trial and executed by the Jagercorps.

When word of the trials reached Fulfwotx, King Tophaeres III was allegedly sent into a fit of rage, for it had turned out that his daughter and heir, the Princess Praxithea V, had been sent to live with the coven. The royal forces were immediately dispatched to Little Wangleton, where order was reestablished and the village was annexed in 1675. When King Tophaeres found out that his daughter had been executed a year prior, he blamed the Britannian government (which was actually not responsible for the trials). Jagercorps belligerents, disguised in Britannian uniforms, opened fire the next day on Little Wangletonians and the Fulfwotz garrison stationed there, resulting in the Kingdom formally declaring war on Britannia on October 12th.

Under the leadership of General Amicus Hasa, Fulfwotzian forces engaged Britannia and the Jagercorps in a number of battles around Little Wangleton and the major cities of the Britannian state. In 1676, King Tophaeres ordered a siege on the Britannian city of Eastport, quickly capturing the city. Eastport was ransacked by the Fulfwotzians, its citizens massacred, and it was razed in 1677 after a failed Britannian attack on Little Wangleton. General Hasa's army again went on the offensive with the Legion Xamichine (an army comprised of joint Wangletonian and Fulfwotzian soldiers) by pushing into the fertile Riverlands region of Britannia. King Denguus II amassed his forces in the Phobon Valley, intercepting the Fulfwotzians and engaging them in head-on battle. The Second Battle of Phobon was an overwhelming victory for General Hasa and King Tophaeres. The Britannian forces were decimated and scattered, closely pursued by their enemy and forced to burn their own land to stall them.

The result of the war was the complete annihilation of the state of Britannia; over 180,000 were killed, 150,000 either enslaved or forced to populate other parts of the Kingdom, and another 100,000 that had no other choice but to flee. Only 20,000 remained to rebuild from the ashes of Britannia. The smoking cities of the former country were looted, and the fields were salted over. This was the first assertion of Fulfwotzian power outside of the Demmatrodine, and lended the Kingdom a fearsome reputation among the other countries of the Shire. No treaty was ever signed because there was no other state to sign it.

Despite the fantastic success in the war, domestic matters in the Kingdom were far from well. The war had caused stagnation, and was unpopular with intellectual circles who saw the war as being largely the result of dynastic self-interest, as Tophaeres was seeking vengeance for the death of his heir. They were also critical of the extent to which King Tophaeres and General Hasa ensured the destruction of Britannia. The Vara se Populae exploited this discontent and succeeded in kindling the Revolution of 1681.

Revolution of 1681

With a war-weary and unhappy population, increasingly dissatisfied with the absolute power of King Tophaeres III and his predecessors, revolution was inevitable. The Vara se Populae had been anxious to seize the right moment, and its chance had finally come; on October 29th, a protest was staged in the district of Ich Square. Thousands of supporters of the Vara se Populae had gathered to take a stand against the monarchy. Since the period of progress and development during the Awakening had seemingly ended with the war, the monarchy was no longer concerned with disrupting it with the brutal silencing of dissenters. Thus, forces of the King marched into Square, arresting and apprehending colluders. The attempt at ending the protest only fueled further insurrection, and Tophaeres made the fatal mistake of ordering his men to fire upon the crowd of people, killing and wounding upwards of 150. This created martyrs for the democratic movement, and the ranks of the Vara se Populae swelled. The group was able to procure weapons and funding from the state of Anmolevok, who wished to topple the Ich regime.

A month later on November 17th, the Royal Guard Barracks at the end of the bridge to Castle Mugg was set on fire in the early morning hours. Guards, roused from their sleep, fled the building; as they exited, they were ambushed by the Vara se Populae in their vulnerable state. Guards on duty around the city were murdered, and by sunrise, Fulfwotz was in a state of chaos. Guards had been dispatched and were locked in combat with revolutionaries in the streets. By midday, however, Tophaeres managed to mobilize the royal infantry; in retaliation, the Vara se Populae consolidated itself and other democratic movements into the Republican faction. They fled the city in droves to recoup in the Demmatrodine wilderness, making their camp and base of operations at the Anmolevokari village of Demma. On November 20th, the Republicans declared war on the monarchy.

Fulfwotz Civil War

The declaration of war was not taken seriously by King Tophaeres, who did not believe the Republicans had the numbers nor the armaments possible to engage the royal army. In 1680, the royal army could yield as many as 180,000 soldiers (mostly comprised of the armies of the nobility, which largely supported the King out of fear of losing their social standing), compared to the roughly 13,000 Republican soldiers. There was also the matter of the royal forces having the advantage of being on the defensive; there was no possible way a force of 13,000 could take Fulfwotz. The state of Anmolevok gave the Republicans 10,000 men, but it was still not enough to realistically fight a fair war. The Republicans petitioned many nations in the Shire, but given the Kingdom's fearsome reputation following the Britannian War, none were eager to join the Republicans in battle. They had no other choice but to turn inwards, and decided that they would seek to fragment the Kingdom from within.

Republican agents contacted Dresilo Voranus, one of Tophaeres's most esteemed advisors. They promised him a high position in the reformed Republican government, assuming they won the war, if he agreed to misguide the King and plant false intel. Voranus cooperated, and the first battle was fought on the border of the Colerica Desert. It was, as expected, a victory for the Monarchists; however, thanks to routes supplied by Voranus, the Monarchists were led through a narrow pass. They were ambushed by the Republicans, sustaining heavy losses with over 9,000 casualties. The next battle would end in a similar manner, with the Republicans using the geography to their advantage while minimizing casualties. Frustrated, King Tophaeres could not understand how the Republicans were able to consistently ambush his forces, until he realized that all routes that had been given by Voranus had ended in some sort of surprise attack. He sensed the betrayal, yet Dresilo fled the capital to Demma before punishment could be inflicted. He was able to provide valuable information to aid the Republican cause.

Siege of Demma

By 1662, agents of the King had discovered that Demma was where the Republicans had amassed their forces. Tophaeres himself led a campaign of 15,000 soldiers across the Demmatrodine to the town. While scouts had observed the army advancing long before, the town was inexplicably caught off guard with minimal preparations made to greet the offensive army. An attempt at engaging them in battle was made, and managed to occupy a small chunk of the Monarchists; however, the rest easily breached the town, killing indiscriminately. The chain of command was shortened after several leaders, including Dresilo Voranus, were killed in the chaos. The Republicans were forced to make a full retreat, fleeing the pillaged town with the Monarchists in close pursuit. They rode across the Demmatrodine for days, seeking refuge behind the walls of Anmolevok. An estimated 12,000 casualties, largely Republicans and civilians, was recorded. The Kingdom soon turned its attention to Anmolevok after Monarchist scouts discovered that not only was the state supplying the insurgents, but was also protecting them following the siege. Tophaeres had long wished to vanquish Anmolevok, the Kingdom's biggest rival, and now had a valid excuse to do so.

Battle of Anmolevok

In the summer of 1662, the legendary Fulfwotzian commander Oramus Audurae led a 20,000 man attack on the Anmolevokari capital, defended by both Enpeecee and Republican forces. The ancient city (which functioned as the capital of Anmolika before the two states merged) was well-defended and managed to withstand the siege for three months. Morale collapsed for the Monarchists, as their troops waited outside of the city walls in the sweltering Demmatrodine heat with dwindling resources. In order to boost morale on the front lines, King Tophaeres himself visited the siege. Upon surveying the city from a hill, he recalled the similar situation of his predecessor Nemerses V, and his inability to infiltrate the Orthodox Temple of Virtue during the Great Desecration -- until a fire started within. Audurae ordered his men to fire incendiary arrows onto the straw roofs of the city. The straw caught fire with exceptional speed, thanks to the dry summer heat. By evening, half of the city was in flames. Citizens who had abandoned the city's defense struggled to flee the burning capital, with hundreds perishing by the hour. Many leaped over the walls, and large group was able to force their way through the guarded western gates; the Monarchist army was able to breach the city through this opening as the Republicans scattered once again into the Demmatrodine wilderness.

Oramus Audurae laid waste to the last vestige of civilized Enpeecee power on the continent, save for the minor villages filling the countryside. He invaded the Anmolevokari citadel, making way for King Tophaeres III. Tophaeres, seated on the Syphogrant Hekor Tet's throne, forced him to surrender his country to Fulfwotzian control and expel the Republicans in exchange for his life. After doing so, Hekor Tet was killed anyway. However, unbeknownst to Tophaeres, the Republicans (and much of the Anmolevokari soldiers when it was heard that the Syphogrant surrendered) had already fled the city in the chaos. Tophaeres returned to Fulfwotz to continue drafting his war plans, while Audurae was appointed to oversee the process of looting the remaining treasures of the ruined city.

The Republican Pact

With the Republican movement seemingly on its last legs after a streak of failures, the remaining group of roughly 4,000 made plans to abandon their cause and leave the continent for the democratic nations of the central Shire. The great-grandson of Leofric Golding, leader of the Vara se Populae, refused to fall in line with his comrades. Solomon Golding devised a plan to rally his people and gain the support of the Enpeecee people. He drafted the Republican Pact and traveled across the Demmatrodine between Enpeecee villages, having them sign their support. In return, they would be promised representation in the reformed Republican government, should they succeed. His plan was wildly successful, and Republican ranks swelled to 40,000. Enpeecee people had long been overlooked and oppressed by the Sammichian establishment since the ancient supremacy of Xamichia, and remained in that state even after the Edict of Atonement which had largely been forgotten at this point in history. They were eager for political representation for their people, and were more than willing to fight for it; women and children as young as twelve joined the ranks of the Republicans alongside their men. In the spring of 1683, they prepared for the decisive battle of the civil war.

Battle of the Capital

The 40,000 Republicans split into two groups; a faction of 5,000, tasked with distracting the Monarchist army, and a faction of 35,000 tasked with taking the city of Fulfwotz. The larger force waited in the foothills of the Alturas-Santos Mountains surrounding the city while the smaller force began raids on Pinecone Village outside of the central valley. A large Monarchist force met them and commenced battle as a progressively higher amount of them were dispatched. The large Republican army, under the command of Solomon Golding, seized their opportunity and descended into the city through the mountains. They unleashed their assault on the city, easily overpowering the unsuspecting Monarchist troops that remained within Fulfwotz. By the following morning, much of the northern part of the capital had been occupied and was under Republican control. It was impossible for the Monarchists fighting in Pinecone Village to reenter the city, as they were also cut off and did not know what was happening within.

The next night, Solomon Golding introduced a second diversion tactic; a group would attempt to storm Oldetown and the bridge leading to Castle Mugg, while his group would row to the castle's island and make use of the secret entrance disclosed to them by the late Dresilo Voranus. His plan was executed successfully, and his squadron assaulted the center of Monarchist power from within. They encountered King Tophaeres III in his chambers, along with his wife Queen Culpa, and his son, Prince Mephistes IX. Realizing he had lost, Tophaeres ordered his men to lay down their weapons. The following morning, Tophaeres was brought before the Fulfwotzian people in Ich Square (where the protest that acted as a catalyst for the Civil War took place), where he and his family was exiled from the Kingdom. For the first time in centuries, the mighty Ich Dynasty was ousted from power.

First Chancelleric Republic

After the end of the Civil War in 1684 and the victory for the Republican Fulfwotzians, they set about creating a democratic government. Many Republican leaders met at the Golding Convent, where plans for the new government were laid out. During the Convent, the Sammichian Chancellery was established as the legislative branch of Fulfwotz. It was originally unicameral, with meetings and sessions being overseen by a Chancellor elected by the Chancellery. Solomon Golding, as a highly-respected figure of the Republican movement, was elected. Representatives were elected from each territory of the Republic.

However, the representation promised to the Enpeecee people in the Republican Pact was not granted; despite their success, the Republicans went back on their word and only allowed Humans and Sammichians to hold office or vote. Many Enpeecees saw this as the ultimate betrayal, as so many of them perished in the fight to topple the monarchy. Exhausted, and wishing to flee further racial persecution, there was a mass Enpeecee exodus in 1686 from the Demmatrodine. Over 200,000 Enpeecees left the continent, most traveling to the central Shire. One large group of Enpeecees ended up establishing the state of Riverwood in the northern Shire. Entire villages were left empty and depopulated by the exodus.

The Enpeecees were largely brushed off by the Republic, which was eager to get legislation under way. There were many flaws in the new government, however. Fulfwotz, as a territory, had far more seats than the rest of the Chancellery combined. The similar beliefs and agendas of the Fulfwotzians resulted in Fulfwotzian policies being passed far more often than policies that would serve the interests of less developed territories of the Republic. There was also much gridlock due to the Chancellor's ability to veto, yet only with full knowledge of the bill and its details; this meant that entire weeks would be spent outlining and drafting a bill, only to have it vetoed at the last second by the Chancellor. Regardless, the Chancellery managed to pass legislation that had been neglected under monarchical rule.

Most controversial was the matter of the Fulfwotzian nobility; many common people viewed the nobility as an extension of the monarchy and wished to see their titles and privileges taken away. However, the Chancellery elected to allow the noble families to keep their status, yet disallowed them from fielding their own armies. The remaining major noble houses (being Vos Nervae, Vos Paxae, Vos Hatrinidae, Vos Petronax, Vos Sparax, Vos Vespae, and Vos Arrax) agreed, relieved that they would still benefit from the Republican system. The common people were outraged that the nobility would continue to reap the benefits of their social status while many starved from the fallout of the Civil War and decreased agricultural productivity following the Enpeecee exodus. As Chancellor, Solomon Golding was able to maintain peace, but the stability of the First Republic buckled after his death while in office in 1697.

The tension was apparent during elections for the new Chancellor, and erupted when the Lord Cassiux vos Hatrinidae was elected. As a nobleman, he was viewed with suspicion and contempt. It was widely felt that the electoral process in the new democracy had either serious flaws or had been tampered with by the nobility to better secure their societal primacy. Most chose to believe the latter, and in February of 1699, the Vos Hatrinidae family estate was razed by an unknown assailant. In retaliation, Lord Chancellor Cassiux vos Hatrinidae lobbied a bill that would allow people to be imprisoned on assumptions of guilt and evidence to be withheld from the convicted persons. Using these despotic new powers, the Lord Chancellor went on a spree of imprisoning political rivals and feigning accidental deaths in prison. After a disagreement, these wrongdoings were brought to light by the Vos Sparax family, and the Republic erupted into chaos.

The New Years' Revolution

Fed up with the abuse of Lord Chancellor Cassiux vos Hatrinidae that was reminiscent of monarchical rule, a mob of angry Fulfwotzians planned an attack on the Republican government, which had been gutted of political enemies of the Lord Chancellor and firmly stood behind him and his policies. On New Years' Eve, 1699, the Lord Chancellor planned a New Years' Ball in the now-defunct St. Flafbenz Cathedral. With so many members of the Chancellery in one place, dissidents took positions on the rooftops of nearby buildings armed with stones and muskets. Once midnight came and the party-goers began celebrating, they opened fire on the windows of the cathedral, slaughtering many of the people inside. Among those killed were the Lord Chancellor, his wife Phelna, Lord Aceres vos Petronax I, and dozens of Chancers. The ensuing mass panic evolved into a full-blown revolution, allowing a Chancer by the name of Varano Tephanus to seize power following the collapse of the fragile First Chancelleric Republic.

Second Chancelleric Republic

By late January of 1700, order had been restored and the Second Chancelleric Republic established. The incumbent Chancellor, Varano Tephanus, believed that the Fulfwotzian nobility could no longer be trusted with the privileges granted to them by the state. In the Act of 1700, the noble families were stripped of their status and were no longer exempt from paying the taxes a regular citizen of their wealth would have to pay. They were helpless to fight back against this decision, as the previous government forbade the nobles from maintaining or raising their own private armies. The Republic was elated with the bill, as they felt it should have been implemented after the initial collapse of the monarchy.

Varano Tephanus also utilized the Chancellery to better the conditions of the Enpeecee population of the Republic, which toiled and starved in small villages across the Demmatrodine. Those Enpeecees left behind following the exodus had almost no food, as most of the farmers had left the region in protest. It it believed that conditions had gotten so poor, that many Enpeecees had resorted to eating dry grass and their fellow villagers who had died from starvation. An estimated 5 million perished. In response, Chancellor Varano Tephanus gave generous incentives to farmers who relocated to Enpeecee villages, including tax breaks and land grants. Slowly, the condition of the Enpeecees began to improve, and those who remained were staunchly loyal to Tephanus.

Still seeking to uplift the Enpeecee people, who had been abused by the Sammichians for centuries, he lobbied for the Inclusion Act of 1705, which would permit Enpeecees to finally hold office in the Chancellery and represent themselves. As progressive as it was, the Inclusion Act was met with disdain and resentment from his associates in the Republican government. Fearing he could upset the status quo and embolden the Enpeecees to topple the pro-Sammichian government, Varano Tephanus was falsely accused of treason and sentenced to twenty years in prison. He fled the capital, traveling to the remote Enpeecee villages. He resolved to do the very thing the Republic had feared, and spoke to the Enpeecees of their unfair and brutal treatment.

Believing Tephanus to have fled to the central Shire, the Republic elected a new Chancellor, Nero Amphilae. Amphilae took it upon himself to overturn the progressive reforms of his predecessor, revoking tax breaks given to farmers who had relocated to Enpeecee villages. Productivity dropped, and food once again became scarce in the Demmatrodine countryside. In 1711, Varano Tephanus published his widely-read manifesto, On The Affliction And Condition Of The Enpeecee Peoples under the pseudonym Champion. Having long known that the long-neglected Enpeecee population of the Republic was a powder keg, the establishment was frightened that it may incite a revolt and once again topple the state. It was censored throughout the Republic; however, this only fanned the flames and encouraged readership. When Tephanus was finally caught traveling between the villages of Demma and Husurra by agents of Chancellor Nero Amphilae in 1713, he was executed for his supposed crime of treason and his subsequent attempt to flee. After having made a martyr out of the only man who had ever sympathized with their plight, the furious Enpeecees rose up against the Second Chancelleric Republic.

The Great Enpeecee Revolt

The initial phase of the revolt were relatively peaceful; not wishing to deconstruct the government Tephanus had created, the Demmatrodine Enpeecees staged a series of peaceful protests within their towns, demanding representation and reparations. In response, the Chancellery dispatched troops to put down the protests "by any means necessary". In most towns, the troops simply maintained their presence in order to discourage any violence or excessiveness.

Angry with his fellow Enpeecees for not taking a stronger stance against their treatment and the death of Varano Tephanus, Jeveru Malbas and his band of radicals named the Red Hand incited a riot in the town of Deserta. The republican soldiers were attacked with stones, hatchets, and shrapnel; they were forced to open fire on the Enpeecee crowd that had surrounded them. It is believed that over 60 were killed, and many more wounded. When news of the slaughter spread throughout the Demmatrodine, the peaceful protests soon turned into violent displays of pent-up anger resulting from millennia of slavery and discrimination from their Sammichian lords. Much of the continent had soon erupted into anarchy and chaos, and once Enpeecees living in the capital of Fulfwotz began showing signs of anger, Chancellor Nero Amphilae convinced the Chancellery to grant him emergency powers.

The Summer Genocide

Considering the "savage" Enpeecee people beyond saving, and perceiving them as more of an issue than providing any benefit to the Republic, Amphilae used his new powers to dispatch large squadrons of troops throughout the Demmatrodine villages in the spring of 1714. Several massive detention centers were constructed in the arid wilderness of the central continent. Enpeecees were rounded up and transported to the centers on foot. While their initial intent was only to imprison raucous villagers until the spirit of rebellion had died down, continued disobedience and unrest in the prisons prompted orders from Amphilae to execute them "block by block". The spirit of rebellion soon turned into one of terror and death.

The subsequent genocide, while only lasting for the late spring and through the early fall of 1714, was disturbingly quick and systematic in nature. Cell blocks of up to 500 people were killed at a time, and they would often be refilled by the end of the week as more prisoners were marched from their villages and homes into the detention centers. The genocide was considered one of the best-kept secrets of its time; only Amphilae and his closest group of Chancers were aware of the full extent of the plan. It was kept hidden from the entire population of the Republic, and Venezian laborers had been hired to build the detention centers. The officers working within them were cut off from the rest of the Republic and were under the impression that they were acting under orders from the entire Chancellery. At first, only men were transported to the centers, but the order soon extended to women and children as well. While the precise death toll is unknown, some estimates place it anywhere between two to six million.

In the fall of 1714, the genocide in the Demmatrodine became impossible to hide from the Fulfwotzians and the rest of the Chancellery. Emaciated refugees arrived in the capital, with nowhere else to go in the desolate and largely-inhospitable continent. They spread news of the genocide, to the horror of the Fulfwotzians. In a display of solidarity, Enpeecee families were taken in by Sammichian and Human households. It soon became public knowledge that the Republic was in the process of an extermination of an entire race, and the Chancellery voted to remove Chancellor Nero Amphilae from office for his complicity. He was sentenced to execution, yet he was seized by an angry crowd prior to his execution and beaten to death. In order to distance itself from the crimes of its predecessor, the Third Chancelleric Republic was proclaimed.

Third Chancelleric Republic

As a first order of business, the Chancellery set about granting reparations to the persecuted Enpeecees. Each family was given a sum of $200, their towns were rebuilt, and they were more closely incorporated into the fabric of the Republic. The Chancellery also waived tax collection for the Enpeecee villages for a period of five years.

The Chancellery then resolved to strengthen its system of checks and balances. It underwent a major reorganization; as opposed to the previous structure of one house led by a Chancellor, it became divided into a tricameral body comprised of the Senate, the Chancery, and the Council. The entire Chancellery was presided over by a High Chancellor, whose powers were restricted in order to prevent abuses like those of Lord Chancellor Cassiux vos Hatrinidae and Chancellor Nero Amphilae. Former powers belonging to the Chancellor were now disseminated amongst the new ministries of the Republican government. Election of the High Chancellor was also determined by the people, instead of the Chancellery alone. As progressive as this seemed, and while all races could vote, only the land-owning elite could participate in elections. This meant that Sammichians dominated the voting pool, trailed by Humans. There were virtually no Enpeecees within the voting pool. After all, despite having an extremely diverse population, it was a Sammichian dominion. In early 1715, Chancellor Nessica Camphalus was elected.

In order to strengthen the foundations (literally) of the Republic, High Chancellor Nessica Camphalus initiated the construction of a massive planned capital to the south of Fulfwotz. The city was called Capitolae, after the ancient administrative core of the Xamichine capital of Ceriumuse (Sarrimus). Skilled architects, artisans, and laborers were summoned from across the Shire to partake in the development of what Camphalus proclaimed "the most glorious city that ever was, or ever will be". Development began in the following spring, under the direction of the prolific Caffan architect Evasio Gianbattista. Roads were laid out in uniform, grid-like patterns, as opposed to the sprawling "organized chaos" of the ancient Fulfwotzian streets. Magnificent townhomes and government buildings were constructed, violating the vaunted Pheneran Building Code. In 1718, the High Chancellor's power was solidified with the construction of the High Chancellor's Mansion, a palatial estate of marble and stone. Despite the attempt to create an entirely new capital, both Capitolae and Fulfwotz eventually grew to such an extent that Capitolae was absorbed into Fulfwotz as a borough in 1822.

Despite the Third Chancelleric Republic being a renaissance for Fulfwotzian society after decades of strife, the tenure of Camphalus and her successors did make some largely-unpopular decisions. Most despised was the reinstatement of the nobility. However, upon further examination, the nobility simply regained their status in name only. They still had to pay taxes, could not raise their own militias, and had to remain on good terms with the public after discovering their newly-acquired ability of rising against the established order. Yet, separation from the common people proved most important to the great noble houses, and in return, the families of Vos Paxae, Vos Arrax, Vos Vespae, and Vos Nervae swore their "eternal allegiance" to the Third Republic.

With a less volatile Republic, outside nations were far more willing to cooperate and interact with the country. It was essentially a golden age of diplomacy for Fulfwotz. Countless embassies were established across the Shire, and state visits became common. The Republic became especially close with the Commonwealth of Venezia Nuova and the Enderian Nation, thanks to similar policies and leanings. Fulfwotz became much more involved on an international level; while it had always been the dominant regional power of the Demmatrodine, it was typically far too self-involved and preoccupied with domestic matters to bolster its presence abroad. In 1726, the Enderian Nation and the Third Chancelleric Republic of Fulfwotz issued a joint declaration of friendship, which soon evolved into one of the world's longest-lasting political alliances.

Return of the Ich Dynasty

For the century after their exile, the Ich family traveled across the Shire to their ancestral home, the Pravada se Niphuline, better known as Niflheim Palace. Tophaeres III died in 1692, soon followed by his son and heir, Mephistes IX, who was mauled to death by a polar bear. Culpa soon departed the palace, as a still-observed Xamichine code forbade the sole residence of an Ich who cannot claim blood relation. The deposed queen traveled to Caffa, where she married the widowed merchant prince Lorenzo di Prama. Their marriage would create the Ich cadet branch of Ich-Prama. Meanwhile, the daughter of Mephistes IX, Vulna, the new Ich Dinastiax, took up residence in Niflheim Palace.

Due to the palace's isolation, there was little interaction with the outside world. Fearing retribution from Fulfwotz, the family was actually shunned by many nations of the Shire. With their pride and power diminished, the only thing left intact of the Ich Dynasty's glory was their fortune. Thanks to the family's fervent distrust of their own people, their enormous and ancient fortune was kept in hidden vaults far out of the reach of Fulfwotz. The Iches knew they were helpless to regain their domain without help from other countries, but such a possibility was far out of the realm of reality. It was not until the election of Preva Ich-Prama to the election of High Chancellor of the flourishing Third Republic in 1780 that they saw any true chance of rising once again.

Preva Ich-Prama was a remarkable public speaker and orator. Originally a distinguished lawyer and writer, studying in Venezia Nuova, he decided to run for the office of High Chancellor after declaring the Third Republic "the most perfect nation [he had] ever seen". The Fulfwotzian people were understandably wary of one distantly related to the Ich regime. However, he won the crowd over with his impassioned and nationalist speeches. Sensing an opportunity, Prince Niphulux Ich III contacted Preva in private. Prince Niphulux tried to convince his cousin of a plot to restore the monarchy, but the High Chancellor was resistant to the idea. He valued the republican principles that the Third Chancelleric Republic of Fulfwotz was founded on, and had been raised to despise the days of the Ich regime.

However, just as Preva Ich-Prama was devoted to his principles, Prince Niphulux Ich was devoted to the classic Ich principles of power, cunning, and manipulation. He sought to debase his cousin, warping his mind until he had the capacity for duplicity that his Ich relatives retained for centuries. Niphulux had his most trusted members of the Magistrax Militae fake a carefully-planned execution attempt on the High Chancellor. On Republic Day, 1783, a parade was being held on the Avenue of Victory in Capitolae. After spies and agents of the Prince discovered that the High Chancellor actually had a meeting during the parade, they knew the Preva Ich-Prama in the special High Chancellor's box was really a decoy to boost the excitement and devotion to the Republic of the crowd. During the parade, agents of the Magistrax Militae disguised themselves as the decoy's guards. It was then that they infiltrated the box, assassinating Preva Ich-Prama's decoy.

When the frightened High Chancellor heard about the grisly details of his own murder, he became increasingly paranoid and unhinged. He was not seen in public without at least fifteen body guards encircling him, and often took to holding meetings at night when there would be fewer people roaming the streets of Capitolae. Preva's tragic descent into madness deepened when a political enemy introduced a bill which would further roll back his powers. An unintended series of coincidences resulted in Preva believing he had uncovered a widespread conspiracy to topple him and the Third Republic to instill a dictatorship -- which was not far off the mark, in actuality. However, rather than investigate his uncharacteristically-quiet Ich relatives, he chose to investigate within his own Chancellery. He mandated the arrest of several high-ranking Chancellery officials, including the Chancellor of Summerstone, Claudia Vespinus.

What transpired after his arrests was a self-fulfilling prophecy; the very dissent and threat to his power he feared arose in response to the actions he took to prevent it. His paranoia and willingness to arrest without question was reminiscent of the regime of Lord Chancellor Cassiux vos Hatrinidae. The people of the Third Republic demanded his prisoners be released and relieved of trial, while more organized protests took place in Summerstone of the arrest of Chancellor Vespinus. Sensing his power was slipping, he contacted Prince Niphulux. His Ich relatives had maintained power for almost two millennia, so he knew they must have been doing something right. Niphulux feigned concern, and expressed his readiness to help Preva.

The Restoration

His mind warped by paranoia and presumably an underlying mental illness, Preva Ich-Prama was receptive to his distant relative's malicious advice. Prince Niphulux suggested that Preva petition the Chancellery to grant him emergency powers, under the claim that Niphulux had raised a massive army in the north to reclaim his throne. In January of 1785, the Chancellery granted him emergency powers in exchange for the removal of his ability of arbitrary arrest. At the behest of Niphulux, Preva signed the Advisory Office to the High Chancellor into existence. Niphulux, hiding his heritage, came to Capitolae in order to be closer to the office of Preva Ich-Prama. The Advisory Office existed for only a month before Niphulux was appointed the Republic's first Vice Chancellor, a new title and position within government. His level of involvement in the creation of this office is, without a doubt, very high.

One of the key features of being Vice Chancellor is that they would succeed the High Chancellor in the event of their untimely death. Thus, it was only a matter of weeks before Preva Ich-Prama was found dead in his office with traces of strychnine in his tea. The following day, as the nation mourned, Niphulux Ich III became the High Chancellor of the Third Chancelleric Republic of Fulfwotz.

A realist, and well-aware that the Fulfwotzian people would never accept another absolute monarchy, High Chancellor Niphulux set about an agenda of incorporating the monarchy into the Chancelleric government. He used his inherited emergency powers to virtually recreate the monarchy by single-handedly passing the Restoration Act of 1785.